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    Grand Duchy of Tuscanyball was a central Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Duchy of Florenceball. The grand duchy's capital was Florenceball

    History

    Cosimo I de' Medici conquered nearly all of Tuscany and was elevated by a papal bull of Pope Pius V to Grand Duke of Tuscany on August 27, 1569. Thus the Grand Duchy of Tuscanyball was born. The Grand Duchy was ruled by the House of Medici until the extinction of its senior branch in 1737. The grand duchy thrived under the Medici and it saw unprecedented economic and military success under Cosimo I and his sons, until the reign of Ferdinando II, which saw the beginning of the state's long economic decline.

    Decline

    Francis Stephen of Lorraine, a cognatic descendant of the Medici, succeeded the family. His descendants ruled, and resided in, the grand duchy until its end in 1859, except an interruption, when Napoleon Bonaparte gave Tuscany to the House of Bourbon-Parma (Kingdom of Etruriaball).

    Following the collapse of the First French Empireball, the grand duchy was restored. The United Provinces of Central Italyball, a client state of the Kingdom of Sardinia, annexed Tuscany in 1859. Tuscany was formally annexed to Sardinia in 1860, as a part of the unification of Italy, following a landslide referendum, in which 95% of voters approved.

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